Most of this post is from Edward Whitman's article in the Spring 2001 issue of Undersea Warfare.
As the Cold War intensified in the decade following World War II, and particularly with the Soviet Union’s success in matching the United States in developing atomic weapons, nuclear deterrence became a key element of global diplomacy. By the early 1950s, both superpowers had deployed large manned bomber forces capable of reaching each other’s homelands with either forward basing or aerial refueling, and additionally, the United States had begun to deploy atomic weapons on aircraft carriers.
Both sides were also quick to take advantage of captured German V-1 and V-2 technology from World War II to begin development of both guided and ballistic missiles for tactical and strategic use, with the U.S. Army initially taking the lead in the United States. Not to be out-done, the U.S. Navy converted two World War II fleet boats,
USS Carbonero (SS-337) and
USS Cusk (SS-348) to carry a U.S. variant of the German V-1 pulse-jet missile, known as the Loon, first launched at sea in February 1947. Loon’s nominal range under command guidance was approximately 50 nautical miles, but using a second submarine as a relay, it could be effective out to 135 nautical miles, with a reported Circular Error Probable (CEP) of 6,000 yards.
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| USS Cusk preparing to fire a Loon missile |
By this time, the Navy had also let development contracts for two more ambitious bombardment missiles, the supersonic Grumman Rigel (SSM-N-6) and the subsonic Chance-Vought Regulus (SSM-N-8), each intended to carry a 3,000 pound warhead for 500 nautical miles. Although Rigel fell by the wayside in 1953, Regulus was successfully developed into America’s first sea-going nuclear deterrent and was first deployed on the heavy cruiser
USS Los Angeles (CA-135) in 1955. Eventually, five submarines were fitted to carry and launch Regulus also, and they became the principal deterrent force.
The Regulus I missile itself was essentially a small turbojet aircraft, 42 feet long, with a wingspan of 21 feet. Gross launch weight was just under seven tons, including a ton of fuel, and its Allison J33-A-14 engine could propel the missile to Mach 0.91 (about 550 knots). Regulus was launched from an inclined ramp – later trainable – and it required two 3,300 pound-thrust Jet Assisted Take-Off (JATO) units to get up to speed. The weapon was command-guided, initially out to the radar horizon by superimposing steering commands onto the launch platform’s tracking radar waveform, and then by using a relay submarine nearer the target to track and steer the missile to the final aim point. Either a 40-50 kiloton nuclear warhead or a 1-2 megaton thermonuclear device could be carried.
USS Tunny (SSG-282) was the first submarine to carry Regulus. Originally a World War II fleet submarine of the
Gato class,
Tunny was launched in June 1942, completed nine war patrols, and earned nine battle stars in the Pacific war. Decommissioned in December 1945, she was briefly recommissioned in reserve for the Korean War, decommissioned again, but then brought out in early 1953 for conversion to a guided missile submarine (SSG). This consisted of deck-mounting a large, pressurized, cylindrical hangar, some 15 feet in diameter, just abaft the sail, with a collapsible ramp extending aft. The hangar could accommodate two Regulus I missiles in a rotating ring arrangement. The weapons could be checked out while the submarine was still submerged by entering the hangar through an access trunk, but actual launching required the submarine to surface and manhandle the weapon onto the rails before it could be fired. Then, the boat would have to remain at least at periscope depth to guide the missile to the radar horizon.
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| USS Tunny with a Regulas I missile |
Tunny’s conversion moved quickly by today’s standards, and she fired her first Regulus at sea in July 1953. For the next several years,
Tunny operated out of Point Mugu, California, primarily as a Regulus test platform. In October 1955,
USS Barbero, originally SS-317 and also a World War II fleet boat, was commissioned as the Navy’s second SSG, having been brought out of mothballs and provided by the Mare Island Naval Shipyard with a cylindrical hangar identical to
Tunny’s. After work-ups off the coast of California,
Barbero transited the Panama Canal in April 1956 and joined the Atlantic Fleet.
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| USS Barbero firing a Regulas I missile |
By this time, Regulus was also at sea on four heavy cruisers: In addition to
Los Angeles, already mentioned,
Helena (CA-75),
Toledo (CA-133), and
Macon (CA-132) were all fitted with fantail launching rails and commenced regular operational deployments, the first three in the Pacific, and
Macon in the Atlantic. Even ten aircraft carriers were equipped to launch the missile, depending on an escorting aircraft to provide mid-course guidance, but although at least one Pacific deployment occurred, the resulting onboard mix of missiles and manned aircraft was never popular with the aviation community.
In mid-1956, it became Navy policy to keep one SSG in each ocean, and
Tunny shifted her base of operations to Pearl Harbor in 1957. Meanwhile, the Navy had laid down two large diesel-electric submarines specifically to carry Regulus, launching
USS Grayback (SSG-574) in March 1958 and
USS Growler (SSG-577) in August of that same year. Each of these two near-sister ships – displacing approximately 3,600 tons submerged – could accommodate a total of four Regulus I missiles in a pair of cylindrical hangars set into the large, bulbous bow. These hangars opened aft through a set of doors by which the weapons could be moved onto a trainable launch ramp set into a well forward of the sail. The ramp was rotated athwartships for launching.
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| USS Grayback preparing to fire a missile |
After the Soviet Union and then the United States successfully tested their first intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in 1957, the nuclear arms race moved into a more dangerous phase. In late 1958, with four SSGs and four Regulus cruisers in commission, the Navy responded by moving all of the submarines and three of the cruisers to the Pacific to maintain regular deterrent patrols threatening the Soviet Far East. In particular, Submarine Squadron ONE was formed of the four SSGs at Pearl Harbor and adopted a readiness posture that put at least four missiles on station in the Western Pacific at all times, to complement existing carrier-based aircraft armed with nuclear weapons. (This required deploying either the two converted fleet boats together or one of the two
Graybacks.)
Tunny departed on the first of these regularly scheduled deterrent patrols in October 1959, whereas
Grayback’s and
Growler’s first patrols commenced in early 1960.
Some years earlier, though, the Navy had already directed Chance Vought to start developing a second-generation, supersonic Regulus II missile, capable or reaching 1,200 nautical miles at Mach 2. Nearly twice as large as Regulus I, the new weapon demanded a somewhat larger submarine to carry it. Several alternative platform designs were studied, including one capable of carrying four Regulus II or eight Regulus I missiles in a large hangar forward. Ultimately, funding for building a new SSG was included in the FY 1956 budget. Moreover, by late 1955, Navy long-range planners were anticipating that as many as 23 Regulus II submarines would eventually be required. Earlier that same year, however, the Navy’s nuclear propulsion program had come to fruition with
USS Nautilus (SSN-571) “underway on nuclear power.” Consequently, the first planned Regulus II SSG was reordered as a nuclear-powered submarine, laid down at Mare Island in April 1957, and commissioned as
USS Halibut (SSGN-587) in January 1960.
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| A Regulas II missile being launched from USS Grayback |
Halibut, 350 feet long overall and displacing nearly 4,900 tons submerged, was fitted with what was then the standard attack submarine power plant, driving two screws. Her enormous single missile hangar was set deep into the outer hull forward, and sloped upward and aft to penetrate the deck, where a large, vertically-opening door gave access to a turntable launcher forward of the sail. The hangar space could hold four Regulus II or five Regulus I missiles and also doubled as a forward torpedo room. This large, single-door hangar – potentially open to the sea during the launching evolution – constituted a serious vulnerability. If it flooded, the ship might easily sink.
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| Regulas launch viewed from the periscope of USS Halibut |
Halibut entered active service with the Pacific Fleet in November 1960 and made her first formal patrol early the next year, joining the four SSGs in the rotation necessary to keep four strategic missiles continually on station. By then, the heavy cruisers had been withdrawn from the Regulus mission – with
Los Angeles the last to go in 1961 – leaving the submarines to carry on alone. Somewhat ironically, even though Regulus II proved successful in final testing, budgetary pressures prevented any subsequent procurement, and it was never deployed. Thus, for the entire era of these first sea-borne deterrent patrols, the subsonic Regulus I remained the weapon of choice.
In fact, the synergy of two new military technologies – compact nuclear warheads, and large solid-fuel rocket motors – spelled a quick end to the Regulus era. Together, they made possible the design of relatively small solid-fuel missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads over intercontinental distances – and thus established the feasibility of the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). Accordingly, the Navy’s Special Projects Office was established in November 1955 and, under RADM William F. Raborn, moved rapidly to develop the Polaris SLBM and a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines to carry it. Only five years later, just as
Halibut was joining the Pacific Fleet in November 1960, the first of the new class,
USS George Washington (SSBN-598), departed on her maiden Polaris patrol in the Atlantic.
In one stroke, the SSBN/Polaris combination eliminated all the disadvantages of the Regulus system: surface launch, liquid fuel, dependence on active tracking and guidance, limited range, small hangar capacity, and a host of other drawbacks. With submerged launch, virtually unlimited endurance, and near invulnerability, the new strategic deterrent quickly supplanted Regulus and the SSG/SSGN. It was not until December 1964, however, that
USS Daniel Boone (SSBN-629) conducted the first Polaris patrol in the Pacific, departing Guam that month. Thus, Regulus deterrence was maintained in the western Pacific until May 1964, when
Halibut conducted the final patrol of the series. By that time, the five Regulus boats had conducted a total of 40 WESTPAC deterrent patrols since October 1959 – and in so doing had pioneered one of the central strategic paradigms of the Cold War. Two generations of SSBNs followed.
In addition to her deterrent patrols,
Barbero also earned the distinction (and undying fame among philatelists) of launching the only delivery of Missile Mail.
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| Missile Mail from USS Barbero |
The submarines... Where are they now? Of the two former fleet boats,
Barbero was the first to be decommissioned and stricken from the Navy list in June 1964.
Tunny reverted back to SS-282 in May 1965, but her large Regulus hangar made possible her conversion to a troop-carrying submarine, newly designated APSS-282, in October 1966. In this role during 1967, she participated in a number of special operations off the coast of Vietnam. Subsequently,
Tunny was decommissioned for the final time in June 1969 and sunk as a target just a year later.
Similarly, with her Regulus installation removed,
Grayback served as an amphibious transport (LPSS-574) from May 1969 to mid-1980. The ship was later stricken from the Navy list in January 1984 and sunk as a missile target in 1986. With her missile handling and guidance equipment removed,
Halibut was converted to a test platform circa 1965 and used ostensibly in developing the Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) – but actually for more highly classified projects – until she was decommissioned in June 1976.
The happiest fate was reserved for
Growler, which was decommissioned and placed in reserve in May 1964. Stricken from the Navy list in August 1980,
Growler is now preserved in virtually original condition as part of the
USS Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, along with an example of the Regulus I missile.
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| USS Growler in New York City |
The following Seattle Base members served on Regulas submarines: John Bush (
Growler), Gary Flynn (
Halibut), Richard Glaza (
Barbero), Mike Hein (
Growler), C Angus McDonald (
Barbero), John McHugh (
Halibut – after conversion to SSN), Bob Morris (
Halibut), Dale Ness (
Barbero), Gary Ness (
Grayback), Richard Templer (
Tunny)
